festivites
1. Eid al-Fitr: This holiday marks the end of Ramadan, a month of fasting and spiritual reflection for Muslims around the world. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eid al-Fitr is celebrated with prayers, feasting, and family gatherings. It typically falls in May or June, depending on the lunar calendar.
2. Eid al-Adha: Another important Muslim holiday, Eid al-Adha commemorates the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, this holiday is celebrated with prayers, the sacrifice of an animal, and the distribution of meat to the community. It usually falls in July or August.
3. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated by the Serb Orthodox Church on January 7th, Orthodox Christmas is a religious holiday marking the birth of Jesus Christ. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is celebrated with church services, family gatherings, and traditional foods such as česnica (a type of bread).
4. Orthodox Easter: Like Orthodox Christmas, Orthodox Easter is celebrated by the Serb Orthodox Church and falls on a different date than the Catholic Easter due to differences in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is celebrated with church services, family gatherings, and traditional foods such as pogača (a type of bread) and colored eggs.
5. Bosniak National Day: Observed on November 25th, this holiday celebrates the establishment of the First Bosniak Congress in 1990, which was a crucial step in the political organization of the Bosniak people. It is celebrated with cultural events, speeches, and flag-raising ceremonies.
6. Statehood Day: Held on November 25th, Statehood Day commemorates the country's independence following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1992. It is marked with parades, speeches, and fireworks displays.
7. Independence Day: Celebrated on March 1st, Independence Day marks Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia in 1992. It is celebrated with parades, cultural events, and flag-raising ceremonies.
seasons
Bosnia and Herzegovina has distinct tourist seasons that offer different experiences. Here are the details:
1. Peak Season: June to August
This is the busiest time in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in cities like Sarajevo and Mostar. The weather is warm, and outdoor activities such as hiking, swimming, and camping are popular during this time. It's also the high season for festivals and events. Visitors are advised to book accommodations and tours in advance.
2. Shoulder Season: April to May and September to October
The shoulder season offers mild weather, fewer crowds, and lower prices on accommodations and flights. It's an excellent time for outdoor activities, sightseeing, and cultural events. However, some attractions may have shorter opening hours or be closed entirely.
3. Low Season: November to March
The winter months in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be cold and snowy, making it a perfect destination for winter sports enthusiasts. The ski resorts in Jahorina and Bjelasnica are popular during this time. However, some attractions and activities may not be available due to weather conditions or reduced hours.
Regardless of the season, visitors are advised to dress in layers, stay hydrated, and wear comfortable shoes when exploring the country. Also, take note that some areas may have restrictions due to COVID-19, so it's best to check the latest updates before planning your trip.
visa
Citizens of some countries may require a visa to enter Bosnia and Herzegovina, while citizens of others are exempt. Here are some special visa rules for visiting Bosnia and Herzegovina:
1. Citizens of the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and several other countries do not need a visa for stays of up to 90 days.
2. Citizens of some countries, including Russia, China, and India, need to obtain a visa in advance from a Bosnian embassy or consulate.
3. Visitors who plan to stay longer than 90 days must apply for a temporary residence permit.
The cost of obtaining a visa for Bosnia and Herzegovina varies depending on the type of visa and the applicant's nationality. In general, the cost ranges from around 35€ to 100€. The fee is non-refundable and must be paid in cash or by bank transfer.
souvenirs
Here are some popular souvenirs to buy from Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with their average prices and where to buy them:
1. Bosnian coffee set - a traditional set includes a copper pot (džezva), a tray, and small cups (fildžani). Price: $20-40. Where to buy: markets in Sarajevo, Mostar, and other major cities.
2. Handicrafts - handmade items such as wood carvings, pottery, and embroidered textiles make great souvenirs. Prices vary by item. Where to buy: craft shops and markets throughout the country.
3. Bosnian wine - Bosnia and Herzegovina is known for its high-quality wines, particularly reds. Prices vary by bottle. Where to buy: wineries and wine shops in the countryside and major cities.
4. Copperware - copper items such as plates, bowls, and vases are a popular souvenir. Prices vary by item. Where to buy: markets in Sarajevo, Mostar, and other major cities.
5. Ajvar - a traditional dip made from roasted peppers and eggplant. Price: $2-4 per jar. Where to buy: supermarkets and food markets throughout the country.
6. Rakija - a strong fruit brandy that is a traditional drink in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prices vary by bottle. Where to buy: liquor stores and markets throughout the country.
7. Sevdah music - CDs or vinyl records of traditional Bosnian music make a unique souvenir. Prices vary by album. Where to buy: music stores in major cities.
Note that these are just a few examples, and there are many other souvenirs available in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prices and availability may also vary by location and season.
If you have 1 week
Great to hear that you're from Bosnia and Herzegovina! Here's my suggestion for a one week itinerary:
Day 1-2: Sarajevo
Start your trip by exploring the beautiful capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo. Walk around the Old Town and see the famous Sebilj Fountain and Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque. Visit the Latin Bridge – the place where Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914 which led to World War I. Take the cable car to Mount Trebević for picturesque views of the city. In the evening, enjoy some traditional Bosnian cuisine like cevapi or burek.
Day 3: Mostar
Drive down to the charming town of Mostar, famous for its iconic Stari Most bridge. Take a dip in the cool waters of the Neretva River and visit the Koski Mehmed Pasha Mosque with its exquisite Ottoman architecture.
Day 4: Blagaj
Just a short drive away from Mostar is the stunning village of Blagaj. Explore the Dervish House and the nearby Blagaj Tekke – a Sufi monastery built into a cliff overlooking the Buna River.
Day 5: Jajce
Make your way to the historic town of Jajce, known for its impressive waterfall in the center of town. Visit the medieval fortress and the catacombs of the Franciscan Monastery.
Day 6: Travnik
Travel to the picturesque town of Travnik and visit the medieval fortress overlooking the city. Stroll through the colorful bazaar and learn about the cultural significance of Travnik as a former seat of government.
Day 7: Banja Luka
Finish off your trip in the vibrant city of Banja Luka. Take a relaxing walk in Kastel park, visit the iconic Ferhadija Mosque and explore the remains of the ancient Roman fortress of Kastel.
I hope you enjoy this itinerary! These destinations were chosen for their unique cultural, historical and natural significance. Don't forget to capture some amazing photos along the way!
If you have 2 weeks
Bosnia and Herzegovina, what a beautiful country full of history and culture! Here's a two-week itinerary that will allow you to discover its hidden gems and unique experiences.
Week 1:
- Sarajevo: Start your journey in the capital city, Sarajevo. Visit the old town, Bascarsija, where you can admire Ottoman architecture and enjoy traditional Bosnian food. Make sure to try cevapi, burek, and baklava.
- Mostar: Next stop is Mostar, famous for its stunning Stari Most bridge. Take a dip in the crystal-clear Neretva River after visiting the old town and the Koski Mehmed Pasha Mosque.
- Blagaj: A few kilometers away from Mostar lies the charming village of Blagaj. Visit the Dervish monastery, Tekija, located at the base of a cliff near the spring of the Buna River.
- Konjic: Head to Konjic, a small town known for its stone bridge and the Tito bunker museum. Explore the underground tunnels and secret rooms that served as a shelter for Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito.
Week 2:
- Jajce: Travel to Jajce, a town rich in history and natural beauty. Admire the Pliva waterfall and visit the medieval fortress.
- Bihać: Continue your adventure in Bihać, a town located on the banks of the Una River. Take part in rafting and kayaking activities or explore the Una National Park.
- Banja Luka: Last but not least, visit Banja Luka, the second-largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Learn about the local culture and traditions by visiting museums and galleries or tasting traditional cuisine.
This itinerary offers a mix of historical sites, natural wonders, and cultural experiences that showcase the best of Bosnia and Herzegovina. You will be able to explore the country's rich past and present while enjoying breathtaking landscapes and delicious food. Don't forget to interact with locals, who are always eager to share their stories and traditions with visitors.
Culture
The architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina is largely influenced by four major periods where political and social changes influenced the creation of distinct cultural and architectural habits of the population. Each period made its influence felt and contributed to a greater diversity of cultures and architectural language in this region.
Some television, magazines, and newspapers in Bosnia and Herzegovina are state-owned, and some are for-profit corporations funded by advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina guarantees freedom of speech.
As a country in transition with a post-war legacy and a complex domestic political structure, Bosnia and Herzegovina's media system is under transformation. In the early post-war period (1995–2005), media development was guided mainly by international donors and cooperation agencies, who invested to help reconstruct, diversify, democratize and professionalize media outlets.
Post-war developments included the establishment of an independent Communication Regulatory Agency, the adoption of a Press Code, the establishment of the Press Council, the decriminalization of libel and defamation, the introduction of a rather advanced Freedom of Access to Information Law, and the creation of a Public Service Broadcasting System from the formerly state-owned broadcaster. Yet, internationally backed positive developments have been often obstructed by domestic elites, and the professionalisation of media and journalists has proceeded only slowly. High levels of partisanship and linkages between the media and the political systems hinder the adherence to professional code of conducts.
Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich literature, including the Nobel Prize winner Ivo Andrić and poets such as Antun Branko Šimić, Aleksa Šantić, Jovan Dučić and Mak Dizdar, writers such as Zlatko Topčić, Meša Selimović, Semezdin Mehmedinović, Miljenko Jergović, Isak Samokovlija, Safvet-beg Bašagić, Abdulah Sidran, Petar Kočić, Aleksandar Hemon and Nedžad Ibrišimović. The National Theater was founded in 1919 in Sarajevo and its first director was dramatist Branislav Nušić. Magazines such as Novi Plamen or Sarajevske sveske are some of the more prominent publications covering cultural and literary themes.
The art of Bosnia and Herzegovina was always evolving and ranged from the original medieval tombstones called Stećci to paintings in Kotromanić court. However, only with the arrival of Austro-Hungarians did the painting renaissance in Bosnia really begin to flourish. The first educated artists from European academies appeared with the beginning of the 20th century. Among those are: Gabrijel Jurkić, Petar Šain, Roman Petrović and Lazar Drljača.
After World War II, artists like Mersad Berber and Safet Zec rose in popularity.
In 2007, Ars Aevi, a museum of contemporary art that includes works by renowned world artists, was founded in Sarajevo.
Typical Bosnian songs are ganga, rera, and the traditional Slavic music for the folk dances such as kolo, while from the Ottoman era the most popular is Sevdalinka. Pop and Rock music has a tradition here as well, with the more famous musicians including Dino Zonić, Goran Bregović, Davorin Popović, Kemal Monteno, Zdravko Čolić, Elvir Laković Laka, Edo Maajka, Hari Varešanović, Dino Merlin, Mladen Vojičić Tifa, Željko Bebek, etc. Other composers such as Đorđe Novković, Al' Dino, Haris Džinović, Kornelije Kovač, and many rock and pop bands, for example, Bijelo Dugme, Crvena jabuka, Divlje jagode, Indexi, Plavi orkestar, Zabranjeno Pušenje, Ambasadori, Dubioza kolektiv, who were among the leading ones in the former Yugoslavia. Bosnia is home to the composer Dušan Šestić, the creator of the National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina and father of singer Marija Šestić, to the world known jazz musician, educator and Bosnian jazz ambassador Sinan Alimanović, composer Saša Lošić and pianist Saša Toperić. In the villages, especially in Herzegovina, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats play the ancient gusle. The gusle is used mainly to recite epic poems in a usually dramatic tone.
Probably the most distinctive and identifiably "Bosnian" of music, Sevdalinka is a kind of emotional, melancholic folk song that often describes sad subjects such as love and loss, the death of a dear person or heartbreak. Sevdalinkas were traditionally performed with a saz, a Turkish string instrument, which was later replaced by the accordion. However the more modern arrangement, to the derision of some purists, is typically a vocalist accompanied by the accordion along with snare drums, upright bass, guitars, clarinets and violins.
Rural folk traditions in Bosnia and Herzegovina include the shouted, polyphonic ganga and "ravne pjesme" (flat song) styles, as well as instruments like a droneless bagpipe, wooden flute and šargija. The gusle, an instrument found throughout the Balkans, is also used to accompany ancient Slavic epic poems. There are also Bosnian folk songs in the Ladino language, derived from the area's Jewish population.
Bosnian roots music came from Middle Bosnia, Posavina, the Drina valley and Kalesija. It is usually performed by singers with two violinists and a šargija player. These bands first appeared around World War I and became popular in the 1960s. This is the third oldest music after the Sevdalinka and ilahija. Self-taught people, mostly in two or three members of the different choices of old instruments, mostly in the violin, sacking, saz, drums, flutes (zurle) or wooden flute, as others have already called, the original performers of Bosnian music that can not be written notes, transmitted by ear from generation to generation, family is usually hereditary. It is thought to be brought from Persia-Kalesi tribe that settled in the area of the present Sprečanski valleys and hence probably the name Kalesija. In this part of Bosnia it is the most common. This kind of music was enjoyed by all three peoples in Bosnia, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats, and it contributed a lot to reconcile people socializing, entertainment and other organizations through festivals. In Kalesija, it is maintained each year with the Original Bosnian Festival music.
Sarajevo is internationally renowned for its eclectic and diverse selection of festivals. The Sarajevo Film Festival was established in 1995, during the Bosnian War and has become the premier and largest film festival in the Balkans and Southeast Europe.
Bosnia has a rich cinematic and film heritage, dating back to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia; many Bosnian filmmakers have achieved international prominence and some have won international awards ranging from the Academy Awards to multiple Palme d'Ors and Golden Bears. Some notable Bosnian screenwriters, directors and producers are Danis Tanović (known for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award winning 2001 film No Man's Land and Silver Bear Grand Jury Prize winning 2016 film Death in Sarajevo), Jasmila Žbanić (won Golden Bear, Academy Award and BAFTA nominated 2020 film Quo Vadis, Aida?), Emir Kusturica (won two Palme d'Ors at Cannes), Zlatko Topčić, Ademir Kenović, Ahmed Imamović, Pjer Žalica, Aida Begić, etc.
Bosnian cuisine uses many spices, in moderate quantities. Most dishes are light, as they are boiled; the sauces are fully natural, consisting of little more than the natural juices of the vegetables in the dish. Typical ingredients include tomatoes, potatoes, onions, garlic, peppers, cucumbers, carrots, cabbage, mushrooms, spinach, zucchini, dried beans, fresh beans, plums, milk, paprika and cream called pavlaka. Bosnian cuisine is balanced between Western and Eastern influences. As a result of the Ottoman administration for almost 500 years, Bosnian food is closely related to Turkish, Greek and other former Ottoman and Mediterranean cuisines. However, because of years of Austrian rule, there are many influences from Central Europe. Typical meat dishes include primarily beef and lamb. Some local specialties are ćevapi, burek, dolma, sarma, pilav, goulash, ajvar and a whole range of Eastern sweets. Ćevapi is a grilled dish of minced meat, a type of kebab, popular in former Yugoslavia and considered a national dish in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. Local wines come from Herzegovina where the climate is suitable for growing grapes. Herzegovinian loza (similar to Italian Grappa but less sweet) is very popular. Plum (rakija) or apple (jabukovača) alcohol beverages are produced in the north. In the south, distilleries used to produce vast quantities of brandy and supply all of ex-Yugoslav alcohol factories (brandy is the base of most alcoholic drinks).
Coffeehouses, where Bosnian coffee is served in džezva with rahat lokum and sugar cubes, proliferate Sarajevo and every city in the country. Coffee drinking is a favorite Bosnian pastime and part of the culture. Bosnia and Herzegovina is the ninth country in the entire world by per capita coffee consumption.
Religion
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a religiously diverse country. According to the 2013 census, Muslims comprised 50.7% of the population, while Orthodox Christians made 30.7%, Catholic Christians 15.2%, 1.2% other and 1.1% atheist or agnostic, with the remainder not declaring or not answering the question. A 2012 survey found 54% of Bosnia's Muslims were non-denominational, while 38% followed Sunnism.
Demographics
The first preserved widely acknowledged mention of a form of the name "Bosnia" is in De Administrando Imperio, a politico-geographical handbook written by the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII in the mid-10th century (between 948 and 952) describing the "small land" (χωρίον in Greek) of "Bosona" (Βοσώνα), where the Serbs dwell. Bosnia was also mentioned in the DAI (χωριον βοσονα, small land of Bosnia), as a region of Baptized Serbia.
The name of the land is believed to derive from the hydronym of the river Bosna that courses through the Bosnian heartland. According to philologist Anton Mayer, the name Bosna could derive from Illyrian *"Bass-an-as", which in turn could derive from the Proto-Indo-European root bʰegʷ-, meaning "the running water". According to the English medievalist William Miller, the Slavic settlers in Bosnia "adapted the Latin designation ... Basante, to their own idiom by calling the stream Bosna and themselves Bosniaks".
The name Herzegovina means "herzog's [land]", and "herzog" derives from the German word for "duke". It originates from the title of a 15th-century Bosnian magnate, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, who was "Herceg [Herzog] of Hum and the Coast" (1448). Hum (formerly called Zachlumia) was an early medieval principality that had been conquered by the Bosnian Banate in the first half of the 14th century. When the Ottomans took over administration of the region, they called it the Sanjak of Herzegovina (Hersek). It was included within the Bosnia Eyalet until the formation of the short-lived Herzegovina Eyalet in the 1830s, which reemerged in the 1850s, after which the administrative region became commonly known as Bosnia and Herzegovina.
On initial proclamation of independence in 1992, the country's official name was the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but following the 1995 Dayton Agreement and the new constitution that accompanied it, the official name was changed to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Cities:
