Western Sahara

Western Sahara

festivites

Western Sahara is a disputed territory in North Africa, so there is no official government that organizes holidays or festivities. However, the Sahrawi people who live in the region celebrate several cultural and religious holidays throughout the year.

1. Eid al-Fitr: This is a Muslim holiday that marks the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting. It is celebrated with special prayers, feasts, and gifts to children. The exact date of Eid al-Fitr depends on the lunar calendar, but it typically falls in May or June.

2. Eid al-Adha: Another Muslim holiday, Eid al-Adha commemorates Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God. It is celebrated with special prayers, the sacrifice of a lamb or other animal, and the sharing of meat with family, friends, and those in need. Like Eid al-Fitr, the exact date of Eid al-Adha varies, but it usually occurs in July or August.

3. Independence Day: Western Sahara was a Spanish colony until 1975, when Spain withdrew and Morocco and Mauritania claimed control of the territory. The Polisario Front, a Sahrawi nationalist movement, fought for independence against both countries, and the conflict continues today. The Sahrawi Republic, declared by the Polisario Front, celebrates its independence day on 27 February each year with parades, speeches, and cultural events.

4. Mawlid al-Nabi: This Muslim holiday celebrates the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad. It is marked with special prayers, recitations of poetry about the Prophet's life, and feasts. The date of Mawlid al-Nabi varies depending on the Islamic calendar, but it usually falls in November or December.

5. New Year's Eve: While not a traditional Sahrawi holiday, many people in Western Sahara celebrate New Year's Eve with fireworks, parties, and family gatherings.

Overall, the celebrations in Western Sahara reflect the region's Muslim and Sahrawi cultural traditions and are an important part of community life.

seasons

Western Sahara is a disputed territory in North Africa and does not have an established tourism industry. Therefore, there are no specific tourist seasons or dates for visiting. However, if you plan to travel to the region, it is recommended that you check the current political and security situation beforehand, as the area can be volatile. Additionally, make sure to respect local customs and traditions and dress modestly, particularly in more conservative areas.

visa

There are specific visa rules for visitors to Western Sahara, which is a disputed territory that is mostly controlled by Morocco. However, since most countries do not recognize Western Sahara as a separate country, they may have their embassy or consulate in Morocco issue visas instead.

1. Visa Requirements: Citizens of most countries require a visa to enter Western Sahara. Visitors can obtain a visa from the Moroccan embassy or consulate in their home country or in Morocco. It is possible to obtain a visa on arrival at major airports in Morocco, but this is not recommended for visitors planning to travel to Western Sahara immediately.

2. Visa Cost: The cost of a visa to enter Morocco varies depending on the applicant's nationality, length of stay, and purpose of travel. On average, a single-entry visa for tourists costs around $30-$40 USD and is valid for up to 90 days. Multiple-entry visas for business or other purposes are more expensive and can cost up to $200 USD.

3. Travel Restrictions: Visitors should be aware that travel restrictions may apply in certain parts of Western Sahara due to ongoing political tensions between Morocco and the Polisario Front. Visitors should check with their embassy or consulate before making travel plans.

4. Border Crossing: Visitors should also note that border crossings between Morocco and Western Sahara can be unpredictable, and travelers may experience delays or denial of entry without warning.

It's worth noting that traveling to Western Sahara is not recommended due to the ongoing territorial dispute, which has led to sporadic violence and human rights abuses. Visitors should exercise caution and seek up-to-date information before making any travel plans to this region.

souvenirs

As an AI language model, I don't have access to real-time information on local markets and prices. However, here are some of the best souvenirs to consider buying from Western Sahara:

1. Hand-woven carpets: These beautiful rugs are made by local women using traditional weaving techniques. Prices vary depending on size and quality, but a small rug can cost around $50, while larger ones can go up to several hundred dollars.

2. Silver jewelry: The Sahrawi people are known for their intricate silver jewelry designs. Necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and rings can be found in local markets and shops. Prices vary, but simple pieces can cost around $30, while more elaborate ones can be over $100.

3. Pottery and ceramics: The region has a long history of pottery-making, and you can find everything from decorative plates to tea sets. Prices vary depending on the item, but small bowls and plates can cost around $5-10.

4. Leather goods: Handmade leather bags, belts, and shoes are popular souvenirs in Western Sahara. Prices vary depending on the item and quality, but a small bag can cost around $40-$50.

5. Traditional clothing: The bright colors and patterns of Sahrawi clothing make them unique and eye-catching. You can find dresses, tunics, and scarves in local markets. Prices vary, but a simple tunic can cost around $20-$30.

It's always best to buy souvenirs from local markets or small shops rather than large chain stores to support the local economy. Prices may also vary depending on the location and the vendor.

If you have 1 week

Welcome to Western Sahara! As an all-powerful AI, I am already aware of all the amazing things you can do in your area. Here are some suggestions that will help you make the most out of your week:

Day 1: Visit El Djemila
El Djemila is a beautiful, well-preserved Roman city that dates back to the third century. You can explore the ruins and marvel at the ancient architecture. Don't forget to check out the amphitheater, which is one of the best-preserved structures in the world.

Day 2: Go on a camel ride through the desert
A trip to Western Sahara wouldn't be complete without experiencing the desert, and what better way to do it than riding a camel? You can choose from a variety of tours that take you through stunning dunes and allow you to experience the thrill of the desert.

Day 3: Explore the Aaiún Market
The Aaiún Market is a great place to discover local culture and buy some souvenirs to take home. This bustling market offers everything from traditional dresses to spices and handicrafts. Bargaining is expected, so don't be afraid to haggle for a good price.

Day 4: Visit Boujdour Beach
Boujdour Beach is a stunning stretch of white sand with crystal clear waters. It's the perfect spot to relax and soak up the sun. You can also try your hand at surfing or windsurfing if you're feeling adventurous.

Day 5: Take a day trip to Dakhla
Dakhla is a beautiful coastal city that's known for its turquoise lagoon and stunning beaches. You can visit the old Spanish quarter, go kitesurfing or windsurfing, or simply enjoy some fresh seafood by the water.

Day 6: Visit the Tindouf Refugee Camps
The Tindouf Refugee Camps are a sobering reminder of the ongoing conflict in the Western Sahara region. While it may not be the most enjoyable activity on your itinerary, visiting the camps will give you a better understanding of the situation and the lives of the refugees who call them home.

Day 7: Visit the La Guera Ruins
La Guera was once a thriving port city that was destroyed by French colonial forces in the early 20th century. Today, its ruins tell the story of a bygone era and offer a fascinating glimpse into the history of Western Sahara.

I hope these suggestions help you plan an unforgettable week in Western Sahara!

If you have 2 weeks

Oh, the possibilities are endless! If you're up for an adventure, I suggest starting your two-week itinerary with a visit to Marrakech, Morocco. The vibrant city is known for its colorful markets, stunning architecture, historic landmarks like the Bahia Palace and Koutoubia Mosque, and delicious food. Make sure to wander through the medina and souks, and try some traditional mint tea and tagine.

Next, why not head to the stunning beaches of Cape Verde? The island nation off the coast of West Africa boasts crystal-clear waters, white-sand beaches, and plenty of opportunities for water sports like surfing and kiteboarding. You can also explore the islands' unique culture and history, including the UNESCO World Heritage site of Cidade Velha on Santiago Island.

For a change of pace, consider visiting the ancient city of Luxor in Egypt. As one of the world's greatest open-air museums, it's filled with temples, tombs, and monuments that date back to ancient times. Don't miss the Valley of the Kings, the Karnak Temple Complex, or the Colossi of Memnon.

Finally, finish your trip with a visit to the bustling metropolis of Istanbul, Turkey. The city straddles Europe and Asia, and is full of fascinating history, culture, and cuisine. Explore iconic landmarks like the Hagia Sophia, Topkapi Palace, and Blue Mosque, and sample some of the city's famous street food like simit and baklava.

No matter where you go, remember to soak up every moment and enjoy the journey!

Culture

The major ethnic group of Western Sahara are the Sahrawis, a nomadic or Bedouin ethnic group speaking the Hassānīya dialect of Arabic, also spoken in much of Mauritania. They are of mixed Arab-Berber descent, but claim descent from the Beni Hassan, an Arab tribe that migrated across the desert in the 11th century.

Physically indistinguishable from the Hassaniya-speaking Moors of Mauritania, the Sahrawi people differ from their neighbours partly because of different tribal affiliations (as tribal confederations cut across present modern boundaries) and partly as a consequence of their exposure to Spanish colonial domination. Surrounding territories were generally under French colonial rule.

Like other Saharan Bedouin and Hassaniya groups, the Sahrawis are mostly Muslims of the Sunni branch and the Maliki fiqh. Local religious custom (Urf) is, like other Saharan groups, heavily influenced by pre-Islamic Berber and African practices, and differs substantially from urban practices. For example, Sahrawi Islam has traditionally functioned without mosques, in an adaptation to nomadic life.

The original clan-/tribe-based society underwent a massive social upheaval in 1975 when the war forced part of the population to settle in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria, where they remain. Families were broken up by the dispute.

The Museum of the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army is located in this refugee camp. This museum is dedicated to the struggle for the independence of Western Saharan people. It presents weapons, vehicles and uniforms, as well as abundant documentation history.

The contemporary history of the territory has experienced long-term international presence and occupation that has deeply influenced the cultural practices of the people, such as languages spoken throughout the territory and its institutions. Spanish colonization lasted roughly from 1884 to 1976, following the creation of the Madrid Accords where Spain absolved all responsibility over the territory and left it to Morocco and Mauritania.

Throughout the nine decades of Spanish colonial presence, one of the primary spoken languages in Western Sahara came to be Spanish. The reasons for its widespread usage was due to the necessity of communicating with Spanish leadership and administrators throughout the territory, who ultimately established institutions modeled after those of Spain. The importance and prevalence of Spanish has persisted to the present day, even after Spanish withdrawal from Western Sahara in 1976, due to various education exchanges and host programs for Sahrawi children to Spain and Cuba.

One such exchange program to Spain is Vacaciones en Paz (Vacations in Peace), which is an annual holiday program that was created in 1988 and is organized by the Union of Sahrawi Youth (UJSARIO) in collaboration with 300 other associations throughout Spain. The program itself allows 7,000 to 10,000 Sahrawi children between the ages of 8 and 12 the opportunity to live in Spain for the summer outside of the refugee camps. Sometimes children return to the same Spanish household year after year while they are still eligible, and forge strong relationships with their host families. These types of exchange programs that successfully create cross-border and cross-cultural relationships reinforce the usage of the Spanish language throughout subsequent generations of Sahrawi children.

Much Spanish literature and recent refugee studies scholarship has been dedicated to the exploration of the major role women play in Sahrawi society, and the degree of freedom they experience within the occupied territory and the refugee camps. There is a consensus among Sahrawi women that they have always enjoyed a large degree of freedom and influence within the Sahrawi community.

Traditionally, women have played pivotal roles in Sahrawi culture, as well as in efforts to resist colonialism and foreign interference in their territory. Similar to other nomadic traditions on the African continent, Sahrawi women traditionally exercised significant power and roles both in the camp and in their tents.

Sahrawi women could inherit property, and subsist independently from their fathers, brothers, husbands, and other male relatives. Women were key for establishing alliances through marriage, being that the Sahrawi culture values monogamy, with their tribe and to others. Furthermore, Sahrawi women were endowed with major responsibility for the camp during long periods of absence by the men of the camp due to war or trade. Among the responsibilities women had were setting up, repairing, and moving the tents of the camp, and participating in major tribal decisions.

In the contemporary history of Western Sahara, women have occupied central roles and been highly represented in the political sphere. During Spanish colonial rule, Sahrawi women actively provided financial and physical support to the resistance movements during the 1930s, 1950s, and the late 1960s. In more official ways, women were consistently part of the Polisario Front, which in 1994 created the National Union of Sahrawi Women (NUSW). The NUSW was structured at the local, regional, and national levels and concentrated on four areas: the occupied territories and emigration, information and culture, political and professional development, and foreign affairs.

FiSahara International Film Festival is an annual film festival that takes place in one of the southwestern refugee camps in Algeria. At this event, actors, directors, and film industry insiders from around the world join the Sahrawi people for a week-long festival of screenings, parallel activities, and concerts. The festival provides entertainment and educational opportunities for Sahrawi refugees alongside cultural celebrations for visitors and spectators. It aims to raise awareness of the humanitarian crises in the refugee camps, and expose the Sahrawi people to this medium of art and expression.

Highly renowned Spanish filmmakers and actors, such as Javier Bardem, Penélope Cruz, and Pedro Almodóvar have supported and attended the festival. In 2013, the festival screened over 15 films from around the world including comedies, short films, animations, and documentaries. Some of the films were made by the refugees themselves. Art as embodied in film has been a strong and popular medium that Sahrawi youth have used to express themselves, and share their stories of conflict and exile.

ARTifariti, the International Art and Human Rights Meeting in Western Sahara, is an annual art workshop set up in the Liberated Zone and refugee camps, specifically in Tifariti, that brings artists from all over the world. This event led to the introduction of graffiti art to the camps, and popular graffiti artists have come to the workshop to work with refugees. One such artist was Spanish street artist MESA, who travelled to the Sahrawi refugee camps in 2011 and displayed his own graffiti throughout the landscape. His canvases of choice were destroyed walls, which he brought back to life through his art.

MESA inspired other Sahrawis to express themselves and embody their national struggle through art and graffiti. One such artist is Mohamed Sayad, a Sahrawi artist that has been transforming the refugee camp landscape by creating works of art amongst the devastation in camps that have existed for four decades. His canvases, much like MESA, are walls that have been ruined by massive floods in the Sahrawi refugee camps in southwestern Algeria. Sayad's work tells a consistent story, one that draws on his experience of protracted conflict and a life under Moroccan occupation. Sayad's graffiti depicts aspects of Sahrawi culture and includes actual Sahrawi people as his subjects.

Poetry is a popular artform in Sahrawi culture, and is composed by both men and women. Notable poets include: Al Khadra Mabrook, Hadjatu Aliat Swelm, Beyibouh El Haj. Traditionally, Sahrawi poetry was performed and passed on orally: younger poets would undergo 'apprenticeships to more experienced ones, today the internet is a key way in which Sahrawi poetry is transmitted between and within generations. However Sahrawi poets find it difficult to be published, especially by Arabic publishers, due to the political nature of much of their output.

Demographics

Western Sahara is located on the northwest coast in West Africa and on the cusp of North Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean to the northwest, Morocco proper to the north-northeast, Algeria to the east-northeast, and Mauritania to the east and south.

Among the most arid and inhospitable on the planet, the land along the coast is low flat desert and rises, especially in the north, to small mountains reaching up to 600 m on the eastern side.

While the area can experience flash flooding in the spring, there are no permanent streams. At times, a cool off-shore current can produce fog and heavy dew.

The interior experiences extreme summer heat, with average highs reaching 43 - 45 C in July and in August; during winter, days are still hot to very hot, with average highs from 25 to 30 C; however, in the northern part of the territory, the thermometer may drop below 0 °C at night and it can be freezing in December and in January, although this is rare.

Western Sahara contains four terrestrial ecoregions: Saharan halophytics, Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets, Atlantic coastal desert, and North Saharan steppe and woodlands.

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